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Imperial Russia and Modern Russia
Imperial Russia (1712–1917)In 1712, Peter I of Russia moved the capital from Moscow to St Petersburg, which he planned to design in the Dutch style usually called Petrine baroque. Its major monuments include the Peter and Paul Cathedral, Menshikov Palace, and the Menshikov Tower.During the reign of Empress Anna and Elizaveta Petrovna, the Russian architecture was dominated by a luxurious Baroque style of Bartolomeo Rastrelli whose signature buildings include the Winter Palace, the Catherine Palace, and the Smolny Cathedral. Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque are the bell tower of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra and the Red Gate. |
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Catherine the Great dismissed Rastrelli and patronized neoclassical
architects invited from Scotland and Italy. Some of the most
representative buildings from her reign are the Alexander Palace by
Giacomo Quarenghi and the Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky
Lavra by Ivan Starov. During Catherine's reign, the Russian Gothic
Revival style was developed by Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov in
Moscow. Alexander I of Russia favoured the Empire Style, as evidenced by the Kazan Cathedral, the Admiralty, the Bolshoi Theatre, St Isaac's Cathedral, and the Narva Triumphal Gates. Later, the nineteenth century saw a revival of traditional Russian architecture. The redevelopment of the centre of Moscow saw the Neo-Byzantine construction of the Great Kremlin Palace (1838-49), the Kremlin Armoury (1844-1851) and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (1832-1883), all designed by Konstantin Ton. Modern Russia since 1917 Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, Constructivism and the various Revivalist trends dominated Russian architecture, as represented by Aleksey Shchusev and Konstantin Melnikov. Lenin's Mausoleum is the best known architectural work from the period, although Tatlin's Tower may have been the most ambitious. Stalinist architecture put a premium on conservative monumentalism. In the 1930's, there was rapid urbanization as a result of Stalin's policies. There was an international competition to build the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow in that decade. After 1945, the focus was on rebuilding the buildings destroyed in World War II. Seven high-rise buildings were built at symbolic points in Moscow's space. The building of Moscow University (1948-1953) by Lev Rudnev and associates is particularly notable for its use of space. Under Nikita Khrushchev, dwelling construction rates doubled as a result of new techniques. However, the severe style and lack of decoration means that most of the buildings constructed during the period looked very similar and forbidding. The White House of Russia is a good example of later Soviet architecture. Neo-Stalinist architecture in post-USSR Russia In today’s Russia, it seems that there is a revival of Stalinist architecture among the buildings being constructed nowadays, as a way of linking with the past. One building in Moscow is the Triumph-Palace, a massive tower rising just off Leningradskoye Shosse, marketed as the long-planned but never built eighth “Stalin’s Sister”. The building has modern Western-style luxuries, but its design is copied directly from the workshops of socialism. Triumph Palace is, at 264 meters in height, said to be now the tallest building in Europe. |
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