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Byzantine architecture
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Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. The
empire emerged gradually after AD 330, when Constantine moved the
capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed
Constantinople and is now Istanbul. Early Byzantine architecture is essentially a continuation of Roman architecture. Gradually, a style emerged which imbued certain influences from the Near East and used the Greek cross plan for the church architecture. Brick replaced stone, classical orders were used more freely, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. Prime examples of early Byzantine architecture date from Justinian I's reign and survive in Ravenna and Constantinople. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. |
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In Ravenna, we have the longitudinal basilicas of San Vitale and S
Apollinare Nuovo, among others. Justinian's monuments in
Constantinople include the domed churches of Hagia Sophia and Hagia
Irene, but there is also an earlier, smaller church of Sts Sergius
and Bacchus (sometimes referred to as "Little Hagia Sophia"), which
might have served as a model for both in that it combined the
elements of a longitudinal basilica with those of a centralized
building. Secular structures include the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the innovative walls of Constantinople (with 192 towers) and Basilica Cistern (with hundreds of recycled classical columns). A frieze in the Ostrogothic palace in Ravenna depicts an early Byzantine palace. Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki, St Catherine Monastery on Mount Sinai, Djvari in present-day Georgia, and three Armenian churches of Echmiadzin all date primarily from the 7th century and provide a glimpse on architectural developments in the Byzantine provinces following the age of Justinian. The Middle period of Byzantine history didn't see any ambitious architectural undertakings. From the years of Iconoclasm we have only the Church of Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki. Another major building, the Assumption church in Nicaea, was destroyed in the 1920s, although the photographs survive. The period of the Macedonian dynasty, traditionally considered the epitome of Byzantine art, has not left a lasting legacy in architecture. It is presumed that Basil I's votive church of the Theotokos of Phoros (not longer extant) served as a model for most cross-in-square sanctuaries of the period, including the monastery church of Hosios Lukas in Greece (ca. 1000), Nea Moni Katholikon in Chios (a pet project of Constantine IX), and the Daphnion near Athens (ca. 1050). The cross-in-square type also became predominant in the Slavic countries which were Christianized by Greek missionaries during the Macedonian period. The Hagia Sophia church in Ochrid (present-day Macedonia) and the eponymous cathedral in Kiev (present-day Ukraine) testify to a vogue for multiple subsidiary domes set on drums, which would gain in height and narrowness with the progress of time. In Constantinople and Asia Minor the architecture of the Comnenan period is almost non-existant, with the notable exception of the Elmali Kilise and other rock sanctuaries of Cappadocia. Much architecture survives on the outskirts of the Byzantine world, where the national forms of architecture came into being: in the Transcaucasian countries, in Russia, Bulgaria, Serbia, and other Slavic lands; and also in Sicily (Cappella Palatina) and Veneto (St Mark's Basilica, Torcello Cathedral). The Paleologan period is well-represented in a dozen churches of Constantinople, notably St Saviour at Chora and St Mary Pammakaristos (illustrated, to the right). Unlike their Slavic counterparts, the Paleologan architects never accented the vertical thrust of structures. As a result, there is little grandeur in the late medieval architecture of Byzantium (barring the Hagia Sophia of Trapezunt). The church of Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki is often cited as an archetypal structure of the late period, when the exterior walls were intricately decorated with complex brickwork patterns or with glazed ceramics. Other churches from the years immediately predating the fall of Constantinople survive on Mount Athos and in Mistra (e.g., Brontocheion monastery). |
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